Obesity Obesity Affecting Adults - 1388 Words

People throughout the world, not only in America suffer from obesity. In the United States alone about one third of the U.S. adults is obese.1 The reality is, not only is obesity affecting adults, but it’s also affecting children as well. When you think of someone being overweight, the first thought that comes to peoples mind is overeating. Even though overeating can cause people to gain weight there are many other causes of weight gain. Being overweight simply does not happen overnight, but over a long period of time. Things that can contribute to being overweight are genetics, hormones, medication, etc. One of the most common reasons perhaps is being inactive. In today’s society being inactive is a lot more common than people think. Most†¦show more content†¦According the Pew Internet Project research most Americans not only have a smartphone, but e-readers and or tablet computer. Not only are adults the only one to own a smart phone, but also the younger generation, minorities and lower-income families not only have a smartphone device, but also depend on them for Internet access.4 We live in a day in age that there is just about an application for everything. With more kids and young adults having mobile devices and as they say that there is an app for everything, what if there is a weight loss app that can help people to lose weight or wanting to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Just by simply searc hing in the application store located on your phone there are countless apps available, but the real question is do they work? By searching online or in the app store there are numerous applications that promise to help you lose weight. According to Healthline there is an article about the top 24 best weight loss apps of the year. One of the applications on every list is MyFitnessPal. MyFitnessPal boasts to help you to lose weight and it’s one of the fastest, easiest to use calorie counter app.6 With over 40 million users and counting one of the great things about the app is that not only are you able

Construction Site Safety Management Plan - 2342 Words

Construction Site Safety By Connor Cribben Part A: Site Safety Management Plan. Contents Page: Objective †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 Scope †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.1 Roles and Responsibilities †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..1 Legislation and Codes of Practice †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2 Risk Management †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2 Communication and Consultation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...3 Safety Procedures †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 Objective: This document details the safety systems and strategies with the purpose of providing a safe workplace, protecting employees and workers and meeting regulatory compliance requirements. Scope: This site safety management plan is to be applied to all phases of the construction life cycle, from conception to completion. It is to be followed and understood by all workers. 1. Roles and Responsibilities (duty of care); 1.1 Main Contractor – The main contractor is responsible for; †¢ preparing, updating and implementing this safety management plan †¢ identifying and following all legal work health and safety requirements †¢ making sure that all work is completed in a manner without risk to workers †¢ planning to do all work safely †¢ participating in the planning and design stages of trade activities †¢ identifying WHS training required for an activity †¢ ensuring workers undertake identified WHS training †¢ communicating and consulting with the projectShow MoreRelatedEssential Aspects Of A Site Management Plan1611 Words   |  7 PagesPaul Hawken states, good management is the art of making problems so interesting and their solutions so constructive that everyone wants to get to work and deal with them. This paper will explore the essential aspects of a Site Management Plan. 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Learning New Things Free Essays

Learning New Things As a full-time college student majoring in Nursing I hope to become a RN one day. I work part-time as a CNA in a Nursing Home now. Being a CNA is very hard work. We will write a custom essay sample on Learning New Things or any similar topic only for you Order Now I don’t want to do that forever I want to become something better. My former co-workers always tell me I’m too young to do that kind of work and to keep going to school to better myself. Being a nurse can sometime be hard work too. Nurses have to make sure the patients are doing good and eating right. Some of the patients can get a little rude and they will fight you. When I seen that happen I was shocked and scared. The first thing the nurse did was ask me to help hold the patient down while she give him his medicine. While holding him down she was talking to him trying to calm him down. She was telling him things like I’m not trying to hurt you I’m only trying to help. He was still fighting and cursing. I couldn’t believe that happened. As I watched, I was scared. I never been in a situation like that before. However, it is good experience because nurses have to go through that everyday. I was thinking about what would I do if I was the nurse that day. It made me think about if I really wanted to a nurse anymore. I do, but I want to work in a hospital I think that would be better than a nursing home. I realized that patients have their bad and good days. Sometimes they don’t feel like being bothered or touched. Some days they don’t mind if you help them but most of the time they try to be independent. On the patient bad days you just have to have patients and stay calm. Being a nurse comes with many responsibilities. It’s an easy job but it can be difficult. I always loved helping others and caring for people that’s what made me want to become a nurse. I think I have the patients to do the job. I am learning a lot while I’m working as a CNA. How to cite Learning New Things, Essays

Higher Education Learing To Live Or Living To Lea Essay Example For Students

Higher Education: Learing To Live Or Living To Lea Essay rnHigher Education: Learning to Live, or Living to LearnIn the mid 19th century, there was a strong anti-Catholic attitude in Europe. Cardinal John Henry Newman (1801-1890) was determined to establish a Catholic University in spite of these feelings. In 1852, he wrote The Idea of a University in which he expressed his opinions about what a liberal arts education should be, and what it supposedly would be in a Catholic University (Dunbar-Odam 107). In this essay, Newman made it abundantly clear what his views were as far as what students should learn in a university setting. Newman made statements that pointed toward a strong belief in a wide array of studies in a university. As the essay went on Newman made very strong and reasonable points that lead the reader to see that a broad spectrum of knowledge truly does increase a persons ability to reason and raises their credibility in society. After I read Newmans essay and discussed it thoroughly with my English class, I have come to th e opinion that in order to have a truly great nation and society, education must make the society reason and think. In order for a person to be able to reason and think, they must have a broad education. Yet, in order for a nation to survive in the time we live in, there must be experts and people with enormous knowledge in a limited area. Without finding a middle road, truly how long can a great society last?History has recorded many cultures in their making, in their peak, and in their fall. Rome, for instance, was built much the same as America is today. The government was ruled by the people, for the people. This nation, or should I say empire, was built on the thought that no one man should have total control over the people. As time passed, Rome became greater and greater. It overtook many other nations and became one of the greatest empires ever. Rome became an empire by warring with and conquering any nation that stood in its way. In the beginning Rome was built on ideal phi losophies that an empire could grow, learn, reason, and think, and the people could truly rule themselves with fairness and respectability. The people in Rome were educated to the belief that they controlled their government. They were just ordinary people that had the ability to see what needed to be seen. At this time Rome truly was great. The Senate made decisions that were for the best for the people, and life in Rome was good. Yet as time went on people began to forget that they were in control, and they started to focus on making money and being happy for the moment. The Senate became corrupt also, and Rome eventually fell to barbarians. In his essay, Newman stated and having lived under the influence of no very clear set of principals, religious or political, they speak of everyone and everything only as so many phenomena, which are complete in themselves, and lead to nothing(Newman 110). When Rome was great, it was great at the grass roots and it was great at the head. Peopl e thought for themselves, and saw the big picture of what Rome was and should always remain. When Rome crumbled it did so in the same way. The people were oblivious to anything but themselves, and the Senate was corrupt and uncaring also. Rome came to its peak when its people were able to walk the middle road of education. They had a broad understanding of what their government did, and kept it in check. Yet they kept on track in their own lives and were able to prosper due to expertise in various fields. .u1e92aa1a571d8728fd74387fb2d4b6e5 , .u1e92aa1a571d8728fd74387fb2d4b6e5 .postImageUrl , .u1e92aa1a571d8728fd74387fb2d4b6e5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1e92aa1a571d8728fd74387fb2d4b6e5 , .u1e92aa1a571d8728fd74387fb2d4b6e5:hover , .u1e92aa1a571d8728fd74387fb2d4b6e5:visited , .u1e92aa1a571d8728fd74387fb2d4b6e5:active { border:0!important; } .u1e92aa1a571d8728fd74387fb2d4b6e5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1e92aa1a571d8728fd74387fb2d4b6e5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1e92aa1a571d8728fd74387fb2d4b6e5:active , .u1e92aa1a571d8728fd74387fb2d4b6e5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1e92aa1a571d8728fd74387fb2d4b6e5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1e92aa1a571d8728fd74387fb2d4b6e5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1e92aa1a571d8728fd74387fb2d4b6e5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1e92aa1a571d8728fd74387fb2d4b6e5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1e92aa1a571d8728fd74387fb2d4b6e5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1e92aa1a571d8728fd74387fb2d4b6e5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1e92aa1a571d8728fd74387fb2d4b6e5 .u1e92aa1a571d8728fd74387fb2d4b6e5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1e92aa1a571d8728fd74387fb2d4b6e5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Russian Romantic Music and Tchaikovsky Essay Newman says many times throughout his essay that a broader education increases a persons ability to contribute to society. I agree with this. I think that a person needs to have a full understanding of the world and the society they live in. In America we seem to try to seek a middle road. Even though we must have people confined to one field, we also have people who open up their minds to many feilds. It is a necessary evil in all times, in all societies, to push people toward their preferred field and make them educated for that field. Yet as a compensation, a great society needs to educate their people in a way that opens their minds to the possibility of reasoning. A university that engages in a liberal arts type education, is a just a taste of what the our society is today. A student must learn many things in many subject, while at the same time pushing toward their final destination of their choosen major. A society needs to know what is happening in there surroundings, and be able to reason and think. This comes from learning all you can while keeping a focus on the job at hand. The mistake of human kind is that we always fall to extremes. Religion, for example, has a history full of war, death, and destruction. For instance the Thirty Years War(1618-1648): At first the struggle was primarily based on the profound religious antagonism engendered among Germans by the events of the Protestant Reformation. Religious animosity, especially among non-German adherents of the contending Protestant and Roman Catholic factions, broadened the war and was a substantial factor in its later stages(Encarta Encyclopedia). Many people had to die before at last the Peace of Westphilia was signed in 1648 and the war came to a close. How is it that something so ideally pure can become contaminated by these vile extremities? The answer is that people fail to reason. People do not stop to think Is what we are doing ethical? Do we have the right to force this on other people?. The perfect society would be one that reasons, perceives and opens up their minds to all that is good and right. But there is one flaw in that statement. We do not live in a perfect world. We live in a world were people hate because of origin or color of skin. There are people out there who reason and think but can we truly say they are the majority? In a perfect world all would be good, everyone would see that people are all humans, subject to flaws and mistakes just like themselves. No, this will never happen. That is why Newmans theory will not stand alone and neither will the theory that all we need is enough education to survive. A middle road must be found or all that a people, a society, a nation, or an empire have worked for will be dust in the wind. In America I embrace the thought that we are still trying to find this middle road, for the day we stop searching will be the day we are overcome by the barbarians. As I pondered the title for this essay I also thought about what it was that I wanted to say. In class I fiercely disagreed with Newman on his points but I have come to realize that there were flaws in my assessments also. Newman has told his theory with exceptional clarity and judgment yet it seems to me that he was in danger of becoming just what he taught against. He only sees half the picture and seems to shut out what is left. He says a person needs a broad education, he needs to see the big picture, needs to learn what life is about. Well, in the big picture, a society needs the fighters, the thinkers, the historians, the mathematicians, the labor workers, the Government officials and the list goes on. So, the question is, does Newmans Theory hold water. The answer to that is no. Newmans Theory is comperable to a man trying to stand with one leg. We have to find system of learning, that give people a broad education and yet at the same time prepares them for their various field s. When the people of a society learn to live, while living to learn, that society has achieved what mankind has been striving for since the dawn of time. .u1f8bc7dd3d266f374176d0fc3527c741 , .u1f8bc7dd3d266f374176d0fc3527c741 .postImageUrl , .u1f8bc7dd3d266f374176d0fc3527c741 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1f8bc7dd3d266f374176d0fc3527c741 , .u1f8bc7dd3d266f374176d0fc3527c741:hover , .u1f8bc7dd3d266f374176d0fc3527c741:visited , .u1f8bc7dd3d266f374176d0fc3527c741:active { border:0!important; } .u1f8bc7dd3d266f374176d0fc3527c741 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1f8bc7dd3d266f374176d0fc3527c741 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1f8bc7dd3d266f374176d0fc3527c741:active , .u1f8bc7dd3d266f374176d0fc3527c741:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1f8bc7dd3d266f374176d0fc3527c741 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1f8bc7dd3d266f374176d0fc3527c741 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1f8bc7dd3d266f374176d0fc3527c741 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1f8bc7dd3d266f374176d0fc3527c741 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1f8bc7dd3d266f374176d0fc3527c741:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1f8bc7dd3d266f374176d0fc3527c741 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1f8bc7dd3d266f374176d0fc3527c741 .u1f8bc7dd3d266f374176d0fc3527c741-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1f8bc7dd3d266f374176d0fc3527c741:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Henry Clay EssayWorks CitedNelson, Otto M.Thirty Years War. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia. 1993-1998. Newman, John Henry. Idea of a University 1852. Working With Ideas Readin, Writing, Researching Experience. ed. Donna Dunbar-Odam. Boston: Houghton, 2001: 107-114Words/ Pages : 1,464 / 24

The Strategy of Localizing HR Practices from the Perspective of Multinational Corporation

Localization of International Human Resources Management Contemporary international human resources management strategies are focusing on how they can be able to localize human resources policies and practices for the betterment of their organizations; when localizing human resources policies, it takes the forms of international coordination, global leadership development and management, cultural intelligence, and diversity management.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Strategy of ‘Localizing’ HR Practices from the Perspective of Multinational Corporation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When managing a diverse global human capital, multinationals (MNCs) have the mandate of facilitating production of work of difference cultural beliefs, social settings, with diverse views, thinking styles, personalities, and emotional intellectualism. Despite the differences, they offer a rich ground for diverse vi ews and decisions that when effectively managed they can be of high benefit to the multinationals (Kaplan and Norton, 2001). In international human resources management (IHRM), there are three main approaches, they include, the MNC may send people from the country of incorporation to represent the company abroad (expatriates approach), hire host countries employees, or hire a third countries employees. With globalization and improved education across binderies, the countries are able to produce people with the knowledge and the expertise to operate and run multinationals; this has come as a blessing to the multinationals that are nowadays relying on local people to manage and run international businesses, the approach is called localization of IHRM (Maznevski and DiStefano, 2000). This paper evaluates the emerging strategy, localization; it will evaluate how the concept came into operation, how MNCs manage/adopt it as well its advantages and disadvantages. The emergence of localizat ion The idea to use local people for the management and running of multinational came from the challenges that use of experts had on MNCs; the main issue that expatriates had is the costs that are associate with their deployments. In most cases the costs of deploying expatriates is high and calls for increased operational costs to the MNs. Other than the general operational costs, in most cases, the company is responsible other human needs like housing, security and the welfare of the expatriate. Expatriates have higher remuneration than local employees who have the same post, qualification as well as responsibilities; the high remuneration does not necessarily mean that they can perform better but the notion that they are foreigners and experts creates the urge for high pays.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Warner 2003, the cost of an American expatriate in Chi na is about six times higher than that of a Chinese expatriate; with this kind of a difference, then when dealing with the expatriates, then the firm violates the noble objective of efficiency, cost management and profit improvements. Other than remuneration, there are other costs that come along with an expatriate, they include, cost of families, including relocation expenses, special allowances like education, mileage, accommodations, recruitment and training costs; it is also a challenging task to get a person who is qualified and willing to work in a foreign country (Takeuchi, Chen, and Lam, 2009) When a manager is operating in an industry, it is by default required that he understands the cultures, environment, and the general conditions that he is working under; when they are understood, then the firm will be able to make such responsive decisions. The issues of using expatriates come into play here; they are people with different backgrounds, culture and belief thus they may not be able to connect with the situation on the ground (both market and the work force they are managing). With this the MNCs is not bound to be competitive and chances of loss of business to the local venders is high. Other than the personal bias, the expatriates may not have the drive and motivation to follow the market situation as well as the day-to-day occurrences of the market. This may be aggravated more by their temporary job assignments in the foreign country. When it comes to the issue of local employees, they are able to connect to the market and have deeper analysis of the situation on the ground; this facilitates making of market effective decisions and the use of the local information and experience to make sound decisions. Cultural differences, language barriers, and perception of the locals is another issue that faces expatriates; they are people with differences with the locals and thus they need incur further costs in their efforts to seek acceptance and understan ding of the locals behavior and their character traits. In the case of a local executive, he has grown in the country and developed such special skills and culture intelligence that he can understand and make more business responsive questions to the good of the organization (Triandis, 2006). The concept of localization In simple terms localization means MNCs relying on local people for the provision of technical and otherwise jobs in their country; after an establishment, the MNC decides instead of having other people to manage and operate an international business, the choice made is local people. When using this model, the normal process of human resource that starts with planning, recruiting and selection is done to ensure that, the local person to secure the position has been vetted for experience, qualification and capability.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Strategy of ‘Localizing’ HR Practices from the Perspective of Multinational Corp oration specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After choosing the local person, sometimes there is need to orient, train, and inform the person o matters of the company that may be special to the company’s management or otherwise. This may be done through seminars, or in some cases, the employee may travel to the parent company for such training and assist in making the final plans. When the employee starts working, it will be assumed that he performs his duties with diligence and for the best interest of the employer; he will need to be appraised, motivated and appropriate measures to keep him going put in place. Recruitment and selection After knowing the country of venture as well as the human resources method to adopt, the MNC must on the ground and start the recruitment method; the method is slightly special and takes different forms where the company can hire a recruiting firm in the local country to make the recruitments. Alte rnatively, the MNC can get on the ground and undertake the task; the earlier is more preferred. The recruitment and selection of appropriate staff is the foundation of any quality-conscious firm; thus, the MNC needs to enact such appropriate measures that ensure they have recruited people of high dignity, experience and who can perform effectively (Hollinshead, 2009). In the past, professionals were recruited based on technical criteria, experience, and membership of an appropriate professional body; although these criteria are still important, technical skills are only a part of the overall service delivery, which also includes functional criteria such as marketing and business skills and the ability to foster client relationships. Different countries needs different category of people thus when called upon to recruit for particular company; there are some special traits that may have much weight in a country A than they have in country B. The customer-centered firm should take int o account all these criteria and consider recruitment as the first stage of retaining loyal, well- motivated and happy employees. Technological changes call for competent and skilled employees thus; organizations should ensure that their employees match the current technology. During the interview, the panel should ensure that they identify the strengths and weaknesses of the candidate. This will assist them in making the final decision (Trudel, 2009).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Training and development With the people deployed, the next major and very important step is t orient, train, and mentor the recruiting; every company has its own organizational culture that makes them what they are; the recruits needs to be well acquainted with the culture as he will be needed to instill such culture to the international branch. To get such mentoring and orienting, the parent company may decide to have him on board in the parent company or can use trainings, seminars and one-on-one training to orient and get the manager on board. On the other hand, when on the ground, professional employee, need to be continually trained to improve their skills, decision making, and expertise; they have limited set of skills that require continual upgrading to match the changing market demands and technology. Only by updating these skills using well-developed programs, can professional firms ensure that they equip their staff with the skills needed to respond to future business exp ectations. The management should ensure that employees are well motivated; highly motivated employees are more productive (Harzing and Van Ruysseveldt, 2004). To enable employees perform their duties effectively, continuous training system and employee’s appraisal is important. It helps management establish areas that needs improvement. Some organizations have employees training as a continuous process to ensure that employees are up-to-date with the changes in the industry. Motivational measures should be put in place to ensure that employees are loyal to the organization and they work efficiently. This ranges from attractive salaries or/and benefits, to developing a good working environment. This ensures that employees are retained as assets in the organization (Hampden–Turner and Trompenaars, 2006) Motivation, appraisal and evaluation With all policies and strategies set, the parent company management should be keep to appraise, motivate and evaluate the local emplo yees to ensure they live to the expectations of the MNC. When appraising, care needs to be taken to ensure that the situation and condition on the ground has been well understood and advice coming from the locals understood effectively. The employee must be appraised appropriately to enable the human resources department to establish the areas that need to be improved. It is through effective communication and feedback that these areas of weaknesses can be established; programs to facilitate communication should be put in place. Those who meet expectations of the management should be rewarded accordingly. With contemporary business environments, there are a number of scientific appraisal models that an employer can use, they include balanced score card appraisal model (Trudel, 2009). Retaining It is more cheap, efficient and easy to retain employees within an organization; as the employees meet the organization’s expectations, it is important for the organization to realize t hat the employees also have their targets that they want met. Many employees think of looking for another job if the current job is not satisfactory this stage. The human resources department must come up with measures that are aimed at retaining employees. One of the ways is to make the working environment as comfortable as possible. Remuneration and rewards of employees are other ways that can be used. Rewards mean that the efforts of the employee are recognized (Fernandez-Alles and Ramos-Rodrà ­guez, 2009) Advantages of localization Numerous advantage have come with the new MNCs human resources management style.  From a wider angle, when a company employ’s locals, they eliminate the risks and business challenges associated with deployment of expatriates. When an MNC employs the local people, they are developing opportunity benefits of developing local managerial skills that promote talents and develop talents to the local people; when this happens, the locals feel they are working with a company of their own that they can depend on and respect as their own. With such moves, an improved business-customer relationship can lead to customer loyalty and growth in business. People are more willing to trade with local companies that seem to be promoting their own culture, and wellbeing’s; they will be able to develop good business relations with the customer, suppliers and other stakeholders like the government and shareholders if any. The costs of personal culture contexts/tensions and cross-culture misunderstandings will be saved as the locals understand what the nation or the country they are operating in wants.  One of the most important attribute of a well-managed company is the motivation of its local staffs; when an MNC is, manage by a foreigner, the local workforce feels less motivated than when a local person is the business leader. When accompany has high employees motivation, then it is bound to perform better than when the motivation is minimal and wanting (DiStefano and Maznevski, 2000).  When locals are given the task of managing MNCs, other than using their experience and qualification, they use the general understanding and learnt social aspects about the country to make such decisions that are responsive to the needs of the country of operation. For example, they may be able to know the cultures or tribes they should deploy in certain areas, as they have been known to have some special attributes that can favor the MNC. The net effect is an improved business. Through inpatriation, local managers are able to combine any international experience with the local experience for the good of the company; when they successful do this, then the company stands to benefit. For example, they may combine root-marketing methods to international marketing approaches and come-up with a strategy that fits the county of operation.  Despite the above advantages, a number of challenges MNCs face when they take the option of using local people. Disadvantages of localization When the MNC rely on localization method of recruitment, then the control and the influence that the parent management has will be diluted and the locals may highjack the management. When this happens the running of the organization as a single unit moving to single noble destination is lost. In the case that the concept has been adopted by all MNCs they risk the career development of international managers and expatriates; in some companies, the method of expatriates had been used for rewarding and motivating employees in the organization; when the chances has been lost, then the MNC is likely to suffer demonization. When deploying the local people, there is needed to have training, mentoring, and coaching of the local people to align them with the needs of the organization; this task may become expensive and challenging task to the organization. Sometimes, the trainings may be done but the expected outcome fails to come outs lea ding to cost losses. It is also very challenging to get a person who can be molded to the needs of an MNC since there is much influence from experiences and exposure. Another challenge that comes with employing local people is lack of new ideas, creativity and sometimes innovativeness in a foreign company; this is caused by the similar ideas and decisions or way of thinking as may be expected from the local employee. The lack of exposure can lead to decisions that do not favor the business (Bullen and Eyler, 2010) Conclusion MNCs need to have an effective and efficient human resources team; there are three main options available to the company they are deploying expatriates, deploying local people or using people from a third country. When using the localization method, using country is of operation employees, the MNC stands to benefit reduced human resources costs, cultural intelligence, and builds customer confidence. The main challenge with localization is loss of parent’s company management controlling power as well as scarcity of creativity in the companies as the local people experience is confined in their country. International human resources management team has the role of ensuring the MNC’s human capital is highly motivated for favorable working environment. References Bullen, M. L. and Eyler, K. ,2010. Human resource accounting and international developments: implications for measurement of human capital. Journal of International Business Cultural Studies, 1(1), pp. 31-16. DiStefano, J. J. and Maznevski, M. L., 2000. Creating Value with Diverse Teams in Global Management. Organizational Dynamics, 29(1), pp. 45-63. Fernandez-Alles, M. and Ramos-Rodrà ­guez, A. ,2009. Intellectual structure of human resources management research: A bibliometric analysis of the journal Human Resource Management, 1985–2005. Journal of the American Society for Information Science Technology, 60(1), pp. 161-175. Hampden–Turner, C. and Tromp enaars, F.,2006.Cultural Intelligence: Is Such a Capacity Credible? Group Organization Management, 31(1), pp.56-63. Harzing, A.W. and Van Ruysseveldt, J. ,2004. International Human Resource Management. London: Sage. Hollinshead, G. ,2009. International and Comparative Human Resource Management. Basingstoke: McGraw-Hill Kaplan, R. S. and Norton, D. P.,2001. Transforming the Balanced Scorecard from Performance Measurement to Strategic Management: Part I. Accounting Horizons, 15(1), pp. 87-104. Maznevski, M. L. and DiStefano, J. J.,2000.  Global Leaders Are Team Players: Developing Global Leaders Through Membership On Global Teams  . Human Resource Management, 39(2/3), p.185. Takeuchi, N., Chen, Z. and Lam, W. ,2009. Coping with an emerging market competition through strategy-human resource alignment: case study evidence from five leading Japanese manufacturers in the People’s Republic of China. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 20(12), pp. 2454-2470. Tria ndis, H.C.,2006. Cultural Intelligence in Organizations. Group and Organization Management, 31(1),pp. 20-26. Trudel, J. M. ,2009.  International human resources management: a new challenge.   Portuguese Journal of Management Studies, 14(2), pp.149-161. 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The Great Barrier Reef - Worlds Largest Reef System

The Great Barrier Reef - Worlds Largest Reef System Australias Great Barrier Reef is considered to be the worlds largest reef system. It is made up of over 2,900 individual reefs, 900 islands and covers an area of 133,000 square miles (344,400 sq km). It is also one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and it is the worlds biggest structure made out of living species. The Great Barrier Reef is also unique in that it is the only living organism that can be seen from space. Geography of the Great Barrier Reef The Great Barrier Reef is located in the Coral Sea. It is off the northeast coast of Australias state of Queensland. The reef itself stretches over 1,600 miles (2,600 km) and most of it is between 9 and 93 miles (15 and 150 km) from shore. In places the reef is up to 40 miles (65 km) wide. The reef also includes Murray Island. Geographically, the Great Barrier Reef stretches from Torres Strait in the north to the area between Lady Elliot and Fraser Islands in the south. Much of the Great Barrier Reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. It covers over 1,800 miles (3,000 km) of the reef and runs along Queenslands coast near the town of Bundaberg. Geology of the Great Barrier Reef The geologic formation of the Great Barrier Reef is long and complex. Coral reefs began forming in the region about between 58 and 48 million years ago when the Coral Sea Basin formed. However, once the Australian continent moved to its present location, sea levels began to change and coral reefs started to grow quickly, but changing climate and sea levels after that caused them to grow and decline in cycles. This is because coral reefs need certain sea temperatures and levels of sunlight to grow. Today, scientists believe that complete coral reef structures where todays Great Barrier Reef is were formed 600,000 years ago. This reef died off however due to climate change and changing sea levels. Todays reef began to form about 20,000 years ago when it started growth on the remains of the older reef. This due to the fact that the Last Glacial Maximum ended around this time and during glaciation sea level was much lower than it is today. Following the end of the last glaciation about 20,000 years ago, sea level continued to rise and as it got higher, the coral reefs grew on the hills being flooded on the coastal plain. 13,000 years ago sea level was almost where it is today and the reefs began to grow around off the coast of Australia islands. As these islands became further submerged with rising sea levels, the coral reefs grew over them to form the reef system present today. The current Great Barrier Reef structure is about 6,000 to 8,000 years old. Biodiversity of the Great Barrier Reef Today the Great Barrier Reef is considered a World Heritage Site due to its unique size, structure and high levels of biodiversity. Many of the species living in the reef are endangered and some are endemic only to that reef system. The Great Barrier Reef has 30 species of whales, dolphins and porpoises. In addition, six species of endangered sea turtles breed in the reef and two green sea turtle species have genetically distinct populations in the north and south of the reef. The turtles are attracted to the area due to the 15 species of sea grass that grow in the reef. Within the Great Barrier Reef itself, there are also a number of microscopic organisms, different mollusks and fish that inhabit spaces inside the coral. 5,000 species of mollusk are on the reef as are nine species of seahorses and 1,500 species of fish, including the clownfish. The reef is composed of 400 species of coral. The areas closer to land and on the islands of the Great Barrier Reef are biodiverse as well. These places are home to 215 bird species (some of which are seabirds and some of which are shorebirds). The islands within the Great Barrier Reef are also home to over 2,000 types of plants. Although the Great Barrier Reef is home to many charismatic species like those previously mentioned, it should also be noted that a variety of very dangerous species inhabit the reef or areas near it as well. For example, saltwater crocodiles live in the mangrove swamps and salt marshes near the reef and a variety of sharks and stingrays live within the reef. In addition, 17 species of sea snake (most of which are venomous) live on the reef and jellyfish, including the deadly box jellyfish, also inhabit nearby waters. Human Uses and Environmental Threats of the Great Barrier Reef Due to its extreme biodiversity, the Great Barrier Reef is a popular tourist destination and around two million people visit it per year. Scuba diving and tours via small boats and aircraft are the most popular activities on the reef. Since it is a fragile habitat, tourism of the Great Barrier Reef is highly managed and sometimes operated as ecotourism. All ships, aircraft and others that want to access the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park need to have a permit. Despite these protective measures, however, the Great Barrier Reefs health is still threatened due to climate change, pollution, fishing, and invasive species. Climate change and rising sea temperatures are considered the greatest threats to the reef because coral is a fragile species that needs water to be about 77ËšF to 84ËšF (25ËšC to 29ËšC) to survive. Recently there have been episodes of coral bleaching due to higher temperatures. To learn more about the Great Barrier Reef, visit National Geographics Great Barrier Reef interactive website and the Australian governments webpage on the Great Barrier Reef.

International law of contracts Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International law of contracts - Article Example The bill of lading stipulated that the goods were "received in apparent good order and condition" and compliant with the commercial invoice. The condition of the goods was further confirmed by the certificate of inspection issued on loading. Private international law often varies according to the type of parties involved in the contractual arrangement. Most times, consumers are protected by rules that aim to make sure that the law is applied as far as reasonably possible for the consumer. The location of the parties in the contract is also an element that is often used by international laws. These laws refer to places like the domicile or habitual residence of natural persons, or the principal address or place of business of a given company. A news report in the financial section of the Broadcasting Finance Corporation (BFC) by Chief Economist Roberto Preztono has sparked a rumour that a well established bank in the UK is experiencing severe cash flow problems, and the informed opinion in the finance sector seem to suggest that the bank in question might be Leman Sisters. The Samba Carnival arrived in Southampton at the end of October and on inspection there appeared to be some concerns about the condition of the consignment of steel rods. A significant portion of the consignment was discovered to be rusty and there was some doubt as to whether the goods would match the specifications required under the agreement. Although the ship's manifesto records that the ship encountered a heavy storm during the voyage and water entered into the hold, it is hard to determine the real cause of the damage. A consignment of timber stowed above the steel, was reported as being water logged. It was also reported that there had been a s ignificant breakdown in the communication and management of the ship during the course of the voyage. Apparently 8 of the 16 crew members (including the new trainee cook) were suffering from food poisoning. Of the remaining 8 crew members who did not sample the cook's culinary debut was the First Lieutenant who categorically refused to leave his cabin. It has since transpired that the First Lieutenant was in fact an undercover investigative journalist trying to expose harsh working conditions on merchant ships. It appears that his CV and references were not checked by Amazona Ltd before confirmation of employment. In this instance, a party can be excused from liability to a claim of damages when there is a failure to perform, that can be attributed to an impediment that is beyond the control of the party's, or a third party sub-contractor Such an extraneous event might elsewhere be referred to as force majeure, and frustration of the contract. The place of performance of a contract also plays an important role in some private international law rules. When the performance of the transaction involves some physical contact with a given jurisdiction, e.g. delivery of the goods ordered, the fact that the contract was concluded on line does not as such raise any problems. The problems arise when the contract is not only concluded but

Cryptography and Computer Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Cryptography and Computer Security - Essay Example virus from which the computer needed protection. Issues continued to arise but the most serious problem came with the introduction of internet. Internet gave birth to many problems because the internet gave rise to many virtual access points. Access points are an entrance to every sort of information and along with the information that enters virus and other malwares can easily enter. This opened a gateway to many virus and unwanted material into the computer. In order to protect the computer from such threats many techniques and methods were adopted and up till now new techniques and soft wares are being developed to protect the computer. One such method of protecting data is cryptography. It was used to convert understandable data into data that cannot be understood. In the earlier years cryptography was used to protect and secure information and messages between important personnel but gradually cryptography began to be used for the protection and safety of all sorts of communicat ion and safe computing. CRYPTOGRAPGY Cryptography has generally been used widely and there are some keys that are written for public and the major reason is to protect the data that is being transferred that is why it usually remains a secret or a matter of confidentiality between the receiver and the sender. It is a matter of great concern for the government and especially the law enforcing agencies when the data is encrypted as they need to be better equipped with programs and software so as to be counter the encrypted data and be able to read it. This is the sole reason that previously there was such a hue and cry with relations to the matter of privacy. It was discovered that there was no mail or communication that was hidden from them. They had super software and super computers to help them decode the algorithms and be able to decipher it. Earlier in 2009 there a series of very serious attacks on various organizations like Yahoo, Google, Morgan Stanley, Juniper Networks, Syman tec, Dow Chemical and the Adobe Systems. It was an attempt to get hold and manipulate the SCM of these organizations. The SCMs were wide open for access and the organizations never thought of protecting them as they felt that it was safe. The SCMs are quite an important part of any programs as they help when the person is looking to restructure the programs or rewrite them for any changes that are required. The main reason for the attack was to modify the SCM and then re modify the programs to their own motives. This attack showed how vulnerable the SCMs were. The result of this attack was to encrypt the SCM so that even if anyone got hold of them they would not be able to modify it. The encryption codified the programming and thus it was useless until the person was an expert in the algorithms. The attack basically modified the file path and turned normal usable software into malwares. It was at first discovered by the Google blog and then as a result they put forward an ultimatum that this originated in china and if it is not taken care of Google would close its franchise in China. There were further algorithms that were released from time to time just to exploit the loopholes that existed in various very commonly used software and this was done by random programmers. Encryption helps prevent such attacks (Stallings, 2011). With the advent of

Definition of Art by scholars Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Definition of Art by scholars - Essay Example It can be deduced the amount of subjectivity involved as elements of beauty and experience both depends on the viewers’ perspectives. During the classical period, art’s meaning focused on the craft or skill, giving credence to its clear definition as: ""the product of a body of knowledge, most often using a set of skills" (Art Encyclopedia: Classical, par. 1). The famous artists of the time were Leonardo Da Vinci and Michaelangelo. Da Vinci’s â€Å"the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper occupy unique positions as the most famous, most reproduced and most parodied portrait and religious painting of all time, their fame approached only by Michelangelos Creation of Adam† (Leonardo Da Vinci, par. 3). The post-Renaissance period highlighted the aesthetic value of art as contrasted to other art forms of various functions or uses. Accordingly, â€Å"by the end of the 19th century, art was separated into at least two broad categories: namely, fine art and the rest - a situation that reflected the cultural snobbery and moral standards of the European establishment† (Art: Post Renaissance, par. 3). One of the most prominent artists of the time was Peter Paul Rubins with his Fall of Phaeton, the Battle of Anghiari, and Elevation of the Cross, all manifesting the need to â€Å"add action, and emotion, scenes painted in the instant of a moment. Combining these things with a strong contrast of light and dark adding rich colors† (Art history: Baroque, par. 9). During the early 20th century, art’s definition was strategically broadened in styles and techniques. As emphasized, â€Å"artists suddenly found themselves with far greater freedom to create paintings and sculpture according to their own subjective values. In fact, one might say that from this point "art" started to become ‘indefinable’† (Art Encyclopedia: 20th century, par. 1). The famous artists of the period were â€Å"Van Gogh, Cezanne, Gogan, and Seu rat.

Aviation Safety Strategies at Airports

Aviation Safety Strategies at Airports Aviation Safety Strategies at Airports  within the United Arab Emirates One of the major issues that is relevant directly to airports, their management and operations is that of safety. It is the one area of the airport business that bound to cause concern to all of the business stakeholders, which includes airline operators, employees and the travel public. Recently, the international and regional airport and aviation authorities have developed a Safety Strategic Plan, which is recommended for use by all airports, indeed such a plan will become compulsory from January 2009. However, the development and implementation of such a plan is only the first step in the process. What is more important is that the plan is operated in practice in a manner that ensures its efficiency and effectiveness in addressing the issues that it has been designed for, namely to reduce and eliminate the potential for risk in safety issues. With the continual growth of air travel and the fact that this standard has only recently been developed it was felt that there was a need to study whether there is the willingness and necessary processes within the airport organisational structure to commit to making this plan work. Using airports within the UAE as an example, due the regions higher than global average growth of air travel, it was found that in some areas, specifically management commitment, resources and knowledge, there were areas of difficulty that needed to be addressed, particularly if the airport industry wishes to retain the confidence and trust of those that it serves, and specifically to ensure that air travel retains its safe operation record. Table of Contents (Jump to) Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Aims and Objectives 1.3 Overview Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Airports and air travel 2.3 Airport operations 2.4 Airport safety 2.5 Regulations and legislation 2.6 Summary Chapter 3 Methodology 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Choice of research method 3.3 Secondary data 3.4 The questionnaires 3.4 Performance of the research Chapter 4 Analysis of Questionnaire’s 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Part 1 4.3 Part 2 Chapter 5 Discussion and Analysis 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Discussion Chapter 6 Recommendations 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Industry recommendations 6.3 Further research Chapter 1 Introduction   1.1 Introduction As Dr Tarib Cherif (2008), general secretary of the ICAO[1] said in his introduction to an airport aviation summit held in Abu Dhabi in January, â€Å"Airport and airspace congestion in certain parts of the world are currently stretching sir navigation and ground facilities to the limit.† Furthermore, as this address goes on to add, with expected increases in global air traffic set to achieve growth of nearly 6% on average during the course of the next few years, with some areas of the world seeing double this figure, this will increase the pressure on all airport facilities and operations. Similarly, as the numbers of air travellers grows, the size of aircraft needed to carry this passenger load will also increase, as has been seen with the introduction of the latest European Airbus A380. Such aircraft will also add to the pressure at airports, both in terms of the flight operations and handling of extra passengers at times of boarding and alighting times (Wong 2008). With the advent of these changes, none of the airport resources will become more tested than those involved with strategic airport safety systems. Safety at airports is a complex issue that affects virtually every aspect of the airport authority’s operations and, in addition, it relates to all of the resources being utilised, which includes the buildings, airfields, air traffic control, internal transportation methods, passenger controls procedures and the business employees. As such, it can be seen to be an issue of significant importance to the welfare of those who use these facilities, which include the airline operators who both have operational hubs at the particular airport location and those who use the location as destination points. As with any other aspect of corporate management within airports, the effectiveness and efficient operations of safety systems within this environment need to be established and maintained through a process of strategic planning and monitoring, a process that has to be kept continually under review to ensure that it is regular upgraded to take into account the changing demands brought about by increased passenger loads, flight frequency and aircraft design and capacity. It is therefore important that the safety requirements of all areas if the airports supply chain are incorporated within this planning process. Furthermore, insofar as security issues such as terrorism impact upon safety issues, these also have to be incorporated within the strategic planning stage of safety system development. Because of the high level of important that airport operational safety has for all of the business stakeholders, if follows that the concerns of these various interested parties is not only that the airports are developing safety strategic plans, but that these are being embraced by all those who work within the organisation and implemented and monitored in a manner that can be relied upon to deliver the expected performance levels and objectives, with is to ensure the safety of all and striving to address and reduce areas of safety risk. Incidents such as a near miss on runways near miss, accidents and terrorist acts within airport concourses and other safety related issues heighten concerns about airport safety and bring into question the quality of safety procedures that are in force at these locations. It is these issues that have formed the motivation for this research, namely can there be confidence and trust in the airport strategic safety planning and implementation process? To provide a starting position for continued research into the issue of strategic safety planning and systems in airports, this study has concentrated solely upon the current situation as it has developed within the airports of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This region was chosen because its size, with only six airports in total, together with the fact that is still in the process of international airport development, means that it provides a more appropriate area to begin this analysis and evaluation because strategic safety systems might be in an embryonic stage. In addition, as will be seen within the analysis of existing data in the literature review in chapter two, the Middle East is one of the fastest growing regions in the world in terms of air travel. Furthermore, with the limited number of airport within a limited area it was anticipated that, by choosing to focus the study on two airports in the region, the results would be a fair representation of the state of strategic safety planning in the region generally. 1.2 Aims and Objectives The aim of this research is to provide an assessment on whether airport authorities have engaged with and embraced the process of strategic planning for the development of an airport safety system and, if so, to what extent these have been successfully implemented and maintained. In essence, the aim of the research can therefore be encapsulated within the following hypothesis: â€Å"To provide a clear understanding of the development and operational impact of the process strategic safety planning process within the six main airports that exist within the United Arab Emirates and identify whether these are efficiently implemented.† To enable the achievement of these goals, it is intended to work towards addressing the following objectives: To evaluate the needs and requirement of safety system maintenance and monitoring within the changing air travel environment. To provide an overview of the level of understanding and competency of airport personnel from the analysis of primary data responses. To provide an assessment of the effectiveness and efficiency of the strategic safety planning process when experienced within a practical environment. This is be achieved by examining the results collected from primary data resources. It is felt that the above objectives will enable the research to provide a meaningful conclusion to the issues being addressed as well as allowing for recommendations for the future to be included where these are considered to be appropriate. 1.3 Overview The study has been organised in a manner that enables a logical continuity of development of the issues that have been addressed and the way the research itself has been conducted, which is intended to add clarity of understanding for the reader. The following explanation therefore provides an overview of the study format. Within chapter two, which commences following this introduction, a critical literature review is provided, within which analysis an evaluation into previous literature and studies into the issues of air travel, airport operations and safety performance issues with be addressed. It will also be used to highlight some of the areas of concerns that have been encountered by other researches on these subjects. Moving on to chapter three, the research design and methodology will be explained in greater detail. This will incorporate the author’s reasoning for the research method that has been chosen together with an explanation of how any constraints and limitations have been addressed. Furthermore, to enable others to following the logic of this study a short explanation of the data collection methods and research performance is also included. The findings from the primary research that has been conducted in support of the aims and objectives of this study, are presented in chapter four, and these will be analysed and discussed in further details in chapter five, where they will also be compared and evaluated by other existing data. As a result of these discussions, and where pertinent, appropriate recommendations will be presented in chapter six. These will relate both to the practical issues being faced by airport authorities when dealing with strategic safety planning and implementation, and suggest areas where further research may add more value and knowledge to this particular discipline. The study is then brought to a conclusion in chapter seven. Following the conclusion of this research paper, a list of reference sources is attached together with appendices, which includes additional information and data that was considered to be helpful in adding understanding to the study content. For example, detailed responses to primary data activity falls within this category. Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction Business research studies set in isolation in general prove to be of little value except as forming a foundation for future research into the same issues. However, such researches are of more immediate interest where they have been set within, and compared with, the existing published literature and studies conducted within the same discipline. This critical literature review has been included with that purpose in mind. For reasons of clarity and understanding it has been segmented into three specific sections. 2.2 Airports and air travel As was quoted from Dr Cherif’s (2008) address in the introduction to this study, air travel is continuing to see growth levels of around 6%, or to be more accurate 5.8% for the industry as a whole (see table 1). However, as this table indicates this is not being achieved by a balanced pattern when one analyses the position on a regional basis, as the same table, which covers the movements of around 94% of all international scheduled airline flights, although it does exclude the domestic travel, shows. It is clear from this analysis that whilst North America and Europe has reached what could be considered a point of relative saturation, in other areas of the world there have been significant growth and losses being achieved. In terms of losses Africa is the major loser in terms of passenger travel and, joined with Latin America, is also losing its share of freight travel. Table 1 Current air travel growth statistics Explanation of measurement terms: RPK: Revenue Passenger Kilometres measures actual passenger traffic ASK: Available Seat Kilometres measures available passenger capacity PLF: Passenger Load Factor is % of ASKs used. In comparison of 2007 to 2006, PLF indicates point differential between the periods compared FTK: Freight Tonne Kilometres measures actual freight traffic ATK: Available Tonne Kilometres measures available total capacity (combined passenger and cargo) Source: http://www.iata.org/pressroom/facts_figures/traffic_results/2008-05-02-01.htm However, what is more important in terms of the objectives of this research is the position being achieved within the Middle East, both in respect of the month against month and year to date comparisons. In terms of passenger and freight air travel this region has experienced a growth rate in excess of 15%, which, when considered against a 74.9% passenger load factor, indicates that there has been a considerable increase in the number of travellers that area using the UAE airport facilities. Furthermore, in terms of its share of the international passenger market, the UAE now accommodates around 8% (see figure 1). When this is compared with the share that the region held as of 2001 (see figure 2), it confirms that the region’s air travel passenger growth pattern is increasing at significant rate, quadrupling in the space of the past six years, with similar growth being achieved within the freight market share. It is apparent from these increases that, when compared with airlines in other areas of the world market, the Middle East airport systems are having to contend with a level of change in the services and products that they provide to the travelling passenger. In addition, the increase in the numbers of flights and operators using the airport facilities present these airports with additional pressures in terms of air traffic control and other infrastructure issues (Wells and Rodrigus 2003). 2.3 Airport operations As Anne Graham (2003, p. 98-99) in her study of airports and their management has rightly observed, the increase in air traffic and indeed the shape of airline travel, has changed dramatically during the course of the past few decades. Growth of passengers and changes in their expectations has led to an increase in the number of facilities being offered in an effort to improve the traveller’s experience. This includes the expansion of retail and refreshment areas within the waiting areas and departure lounges (Graham 2003, p.100). This aspect of the airport expansion of revenue attracting resources has now become a significant contributor to the airport’s total revenue (Graham 2003, p.147). In addition, the airports have had to respond with major improvements to their sites in order to cater for the increase in aircraft traffic, which has in some cases included additional runways and maintenance facilities and well as administrative offices for these corporations. An ex ample of this expansion can be seen in the development and improvements that have been made to the Abu Dhabi airport over paste few years (News 2008). As this article, following a doubling of passenger traffic between 1998 and 2006, with this growth expected to continue at around 30% by 2010, the airport authority has invested in excess of $230 million in increasing the runways and other internal facilities being offered by the airport. The Dubai airport underwent a similar process of transformation in the 1970’s and 1980’s (DIA History 2008). The relationship between the airports and the airlines that it services has also changed, especially following the successes and growth of the â€Å"low-cost† or budget sector (Graham 2003, p.100). Not only did this mean that these airlines no longer required the lavish offices and passenger reception lounges that were available to them in the past (Delfmann et al 2005), but because of the nature and small margins of the low-cost airline model there have been increasing demands made upon the airport industry to reduce the carrier cost, for example by these carriers seeking reduction in landing fees (Wells and Rodregues 2003. Delfmann et al 2005 and Graham 2003). With the budget airlines being willing to transfer their business to secondary airports, who were prepared in most cases to cooperate over these issues, the major airports found themselves under increasing pressure to follow suite. Furthermore, part of the cost saving exercise for the low-cost carrier’s have bee n achieved by a process of improving turnaround times at airports (Wells and Rodrigues 2003). This is another issue that creates pressure for the airport, both in terms of the changes in the performance levels needed by air traffic control and then additional speed and resources that needs to be attached to enable the ancillary services, such as baggage handling to carry out their tasks. However, perhaps the major issue that is affected by the growth in air travel for the airports, in addition to the extra facilities provided and the developing and changing relationship they have with the airlines, is in the area of safety. 2.4 Airport safety As mentioned before, airport safety is of paramount importance (Graham 2003). This applies to the activities that take place within the terminal building, the airfield itself and the surrounding areas and ancillary services and facilities. For those who use the airport safety and comfort are paramount to their enjoyment (Delfman et al 2005, p.564) of the airport terminal facilities. Similarly, with rapid aircraft turnarounds, keeping runways and taxiing areas safe and working efficiently has an equal level of importance. Safety and security is part of the same process within an airport environment and it is important for the authority controlling these facilities to ensure that the standards employed to maintain the safety of such an environment (Wells and Rodrigues 2003), by ensuring that the right level and content of safety measures is in force at all times and, furthermore, that these measures include a process for regular monitoring and changing as and when the changes in the environment suggests is necessary (Graham 2003). Amongst other issues this means being able to identify and address issues such as hazards that my cause concerns within or external to the facility (Graham 2003, p.111). Another important element is the training and awareness programmes needed for all of the employees (Wells 2005 and Graham 2003) aimed to ensure that a) safety rules are obeyed and b) that in the event of a safety incident the employees is able to respond rapidly and efficiently to resolve the problem. In addition to the importance of safety measures for the obvious practical needs, the airport also have a duty to maintain these standards simply in order to ensure that their procedures comply with the relevant regulations and legislation that apply to their industry and operations. 2.5 Regulations and legislation Internationally, the airports have to comply with many of the safety regulations and standards that have been set by the ICAO, which lays down certain procedures that must be carried out in the cases of safety breaches, for example accidents, injury and illness (Wells and Rodrigues 2005, p.72). In 2002, the ICAO was responsible for the adoption of the â€Å"Aviation Security Plan of Action†, which also included within its structure the safety aspects of running an airport (Graham 2003, p.259). In an effort to ensure that the airport employees are sufficiently aware of and trained in the internationally accepted standards, the ICAO has produced a number of publications and runs training workshops (Wells and Roderigues 2005, p.99). Although the airport authorities are not obliged to use these facilities, they do have to ensure that their own training methods are sufficient to ensure that the key safety personnel within the business are qualified to the requirements laid down within the international standards. In the case of the UAE, the responsibility for airport operations and security and safety issues is dealt with through the regions own General Civil Aviation Authority, whose role and regulations reflects that of the international organisation. Recently, the ICAO/GCAA have developed and introduced a programme known as Safety Strategic Plans. The intention is that every airport will be required to have such a document in written format within their operational facilities and that every employee must be trained and have complete knowledge of the safety procedures that are in force within the total airport complex. This document will have all the necessary reporting forms included and contain procedures for the monitoring of the safety programme in the practical environment (GACC). In addition to internal monitoring and auditing of the implemented safety strategic plan, the intention is that in the future, representatives from this organisations will act as external monitors to ensure that the safety standards and requirements are being adhered to by the individual airport. At present this plan is a voluntary process, but it will become mandatory from the beginning of 2009 (ICAO). The ICAO and GCAA standards are directly related to safety as it impacts specifically upon airports and airlines (Graham 2003, p.111). However, in addition to these regulations, or in some cases incorporated within them, the airport will also be regulated by the other national health and safety legislation. 2.6 Summary It can be seen from the research into previous and current literature that the air travel industry has changed significantly over the past few decades. Changes in the structure of the airlines, with the introduction of the low-cost carrier have led to a rapid expansion of the numbers of passengers that travel by air, with this growth expected to continue for the foreseeable future. This growth rate, which in the UAE is running at three times the global average, is placing additional pressure upon airport operations and their management. Responding to the loss of revenue as airlines have reduced their use of terminal facilities, the airports have reacted by increasing retail space and other facilities. However, the other impact that expansion of air travel has had is to bring additional pressure to bear upon existing airport facilities. An area that is of particular concern as a result of this situation is that of safety, both within the terminal complex and in the external areas of t he airport. In an effort to address these concerns, the national, regional and international regulators are developing a safety strategic plan, which is intended to ensure that safety systems are maintained at a level that is sufficient to meet the current demands of the airport environment. The findings presented in chapter five and subsequent discussions and analysis in chapter six will assess how successful these new safety developments have been in practice. Chapter 3 Methodology 3.1 Introduction One of the difficulties with addressing an issue such as the performance of safety programmes within an airport environment is that, because of the delicacy of the issue, incidences that can be deemed to have resulted from a breach of these regulations or poor implementation and monitori

The Aeneid by Virgil Essay -- Greek Gods Shipwreck Essays

The Aeneid by Virgil In Virgil’s famous text The Aeneid he writes about the history of the coming of Rome and the journey of its Trojan founder, Aeneas, from the wreckage of his old home at Troy. While this text is extremely supportive of the greatness of the Roman Empire, it also has a distinctly private second voice that talks about loss. We also find that in Confessions by Saint Augustine the author at times addresses God very personally, and at other times does not refer to him much at all. The private tones of these two texts contrast in that Augustine’s is generally positive, while the corresponding voice in Virgil describes loss. Virgil begins The Aeneid with a general summary of the story that he is about to tell and, while the great rise of Rome is foretold, the suffering of its founder is also interwoven. That the greatness of Rome is mentioned so early is not surprising, because the purpose of this text is to glorify Rome, its people, and their histories. Virgil begins his text with, â€Å"I sing of warfare and a man at war. / From the sea-coast of Troy in early days / He came to Italy by destiny,†¦ / [There] he could found a city and bring home / His gods to Latium, land of the Latin race, / The Alban lords, and the high walls of Rome.† (Virgil, 3) These first few lines appear very optimistic and boastful. Aeneas is destined by fate to found Rome, and also to bring with him the favor of his gods. When read in this form, these lines are positive; however, Virgil also forecasts misfortune for Aeneas. Several of the first few lines also contain prospects for Aeneas to suffer losses. In the lines in the preceding paragraph, the first ellipsis reads as follows: â€Å"†¦A fugitive... ...der’s attention to important issues within the text without compromising the author’s style or message. The main differences between the two are that it is more accurate to characterize Augustine’s writing as having one voice which speaks in a private, direct tone to God when he has something important to say and in a general, relaxed tone the other times. In contrast, Virgil writes in a private voice to pity the large amount Aeneas suffered against his own will to found Rome while the public voice solicits propaganda for Rome. Nevertheless, both authors successfully use their styles to convey important ideas which we continue to see and hear of today. Works Cited Virgil. The Aeneid. Trans. Robert Fitzgerald. New York: Random House, 1990. Saint Augustine. Confessions. Trans. Henry Chadwick. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.